Microcontroller: Arduino UNO (or similar)

Sensors: One or more soil moisture sensors (analog output). These sensors measure the moisture level in the soil and provide an analog voltage output.

Actuator: A 12V water pump (or a smaller 6V pump). A relay is often needed to control the 12V pump from the 5V Arduino.

Power: A separate 12V power supply for the pump and a 5-12V supply for the Arduino (wall wart, battery, or solar panel).

Other Components: Connecting wires, breadboard (optional but recommended for prototyping).